Water Treatment for Contaminated Water | Experiment

Water Treatment for Contaminated Water | Experiment Water Contamination Melissa Butler Abstract In the experiments that we have conducted, we used oil, vinegar, laundry soap, and soil to simulate polluted groundwater. Most of the contaminants are occurs naturally, aluminum, iron, and manganese. We then created a variety of filters to attempt to clean the ground water and make it drinkable. We also did experiments will prove that there is really no difference between the two. While doing my experiment we find out that bottle water and tap water have just about the same levels of contaminants as tap water. Introduction Some areas have water-containing contaminations from natural or non-natural sources. These impurities can cause health problems like rashes, diarrhea, and maybe even cancer. Contaminates can also damage equipment, plumbing, or make the water undrinkable, due to flavor, smell, appearance, or discoloration. Water that contain harmful contaminates need to be fixed immediately. â€Å"According to the EPA, exposure to lead in drinking water can result in delayed physical or neurologic development in infants and children, and can cause high blood pressure, kidney problems, and cancer in adults. Moreover, a growing body of evidence suggests adverse health effects result even at blood levels below the 10 ÃŽ ¼g/dL â€Å"level of concern† at which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend intervention.† (Renner, 2009. A544). â€Å"Before beginning any treatment plan, have water tested by an independent laboratory to determine the specific impurities and leve l of contamination. This will help you select the most effective and economical treatment method†. (Ross, Parrott, Woods, 2009). The effects of exposure to some contaminants in our water supply are not known, but not all of them are health threats. The National Water Quality Inventory 1994 Report to Congress states â€Å"that 40% of flowing river and stream miles can be used for drinking water after conventional water treatment, and 37% of lake and reservoir acres meet the designated use criteria for drinking water† (EPA). The reason why we conducted this experiment is to test the filtration to remove oil, vinegar, and laundry detergent has on soil before it reaches groundwater. These substances go to our local water supply, and into our soil. While the things that we have tested are relatively are no very dangerous, but we have to think of the thing that can get through and cause harm. Materials and Methods Experiment 1: Effects of Groundwater Contamination In this experiment, we tested ground water for impurities. The materials that were used was eight 250mL beakers, three wooden stir sticks, 10mL of vegetable oil, 10mL of vinegar, 100mL graduated cylinder, 10mL of liquid laundry detergent, 100mL beaker, 240mL of soil, cheesecloth, funnel and water. With a marker, the eight 250mL beakers were labeled number one through eight. Putting five through eight to the side, fill with beakers one through four with 100mL of water using the 100mL graduated cylinder to help measure the water. In beaker number two 10mL of vegetable oil was put in and with a wooded stir stick was stirred thoroughly. In beaker number three 10mL of vinegar was added and with a wooded stir stick was stirred thoroughly. In beaker number four 10mL of liquid laundry detergent was added and with a wooden stir stick was stirred thoroughly. At this time, I wrote down my observations of beakers one through four in Table 1. I cut the cheesecloth into four pieces and folded them so that it was four layers thick. I placed one piece of cheesecloth into the funnel, measured 60mL of soil using the 100mL to help measure the soil, and poured that into the funnel. Taking beaker number one, I poured the contents into the funnel and let that filter into beaker number five. Using the same technique as above I repeated the same thing to beakers number two through four and poured them into beakers number six through eight. Once this was done I observed beakers five through eight and wrote down my observations into the Table. Experiment 2: Water Treatment We add 100 mL of soil to the 250 mL beaker, and fill to the 200 mL mark with water. Then we move the soil solution back and forth between the two 250 mL beakers a total of 15 times. We will use10 mL of the contaminated water into a clean 100 mL beaker, and compare it to the â€Å"treated† water at the end of the filtration process. We 10 grams of alum to the 250 mL beaker containing the â€Å"contaminated† water and slowly stir the mixture with a wooden stir stick for 1-2 minutes and let the solution sit for 15 minutes. Then rinse out the empty 250 mL beaker and place the funnel into the beaker. Use four layers of cheesecloth that can line the funnel. Put cheesecloth inside funnel. Pour 40 mL of sand into the cheesecloth-lined funnel, 20 mL activated charcoal, and 40 mL gravel. Use a 100 mL beaker to measure these amounts. To set the filter, slowly pour clean tap water through the filter until the funnel is full. Remove the clean water from the beaker and repeat four more times. Return the funnel to the top of the beaker and let sit for 5 minutes befor e emptying the beaker and continuing the experiment. Without mixing up the current sediment in the â€Å"contaminated† water jar, pour about 3/4 of the â€Å"contaminated† water into the funnel. Let it filter through the funnel into the beaker for 5 minutes. Note the smell of the filtered water, comparing it to the 10 mL sample taken from the mixture in Step 3. Remove the filter and add a few drops of bleach solution to the filtered water within the beaker. Stir the water and bleach combination slowly for about 1 minute. Experiment 3: Drinking Water Quality Label three 250 mL beakers Tap Water, and bottle water (Fiji and Dasani). Pour 100 mL of the each type of water into the corresponding beakers. Ammonia, Chloride, Four in one, Phosphate, and Iron Test Strip test Find the ammonia test strips. Begin by placing the test strip into the tap water sample and briskly moving the strip up and down in the water for 30 seconds, making sure that the pads on the test strip are always immersed. Remove the test strip from the water and shake off the extra water. Hold the test strip level, with the pad side up, for 30 seconds. 6. Read the results by turning the test strip so the pads are facing away from you. Compare the color of the small pad to the color chart at the end of the lab. Record your results in the table Repeat the procedure for both bottled water. Results Experiment 1: Effects of Groundwater Contamination Table 1: Water Observations (Smell, Color, Etc.) Beaker | Observations | Beaker 1: Water is clear, no smell Beaker 2: No smell, color is almost clear. Water did not mix well, created small bubbles. Oil separated from the water. Beaker 3: No color and water is clear. It also has a smell of vinegar. Beaker 4: Has a smell of perfume and the water turned green. Beaker 5: Water turned brown in color some soil residue at the bottom. Has a smell of wet dirt. Beaker 6: The water change to a light brown color. The soil has filtered out some of the oil, because some of the oil was left behind. Some residue of soil was at the bottom. Smells like wet dirt. Beaker 7: Water still smell like vinegar and smell like dirt, brown in color and residue of soil is at the bottom. Beaker 8: Water has a perfume smell, the water is brown and light green mixed. Made light suds and bubbles, with the residue of dirt at the bottom. Discussion Why do we buy bottle water when tap water is the same thing? People buy more bottler water now than ever before. Do we really think that it is safer to drink? The answer is no. Doing this experiment has proven that there is really not much of a difference between the two. While doing my experiment if find out that bottle water and tap water have just about the same levels of iron, ammonia, chloride, phosphate, and etc. I found that everyday chemicals that we use can contaminant our water supply and could have potential to be harmful if the water is not treated for human consumption. According to the results, only beaker with the vinegar came out to where you will be able to potential drink the water. Conclusions What I found to be the most interesting thing in this experiment is that vinegar helped purify the water so that it could be drinkable. All the contaminants that were used were found to make the filtered water dirty and did not help in purifying the water. I concluded that we need to find a way to get the contaminants out of the water , even bottle water so that our children do not have to deal with the health problems that could be associated with drinking contaminated water. References: Basic Information about E. coli O157:H7 in Drinking Water. (n.d.). Retrieved May 8, 2015, from http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/ecoli.cfm Renner, R. (2009). Out of Plumb, Environmental Health Perspectives. 117(12), A542-A547. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2799485/ Ross, B., Parrott, K., Woods, J. (2009, May 1) Household Water Quality: Water Quality Problems Causes and Treatments. Retrieved May 7, 2015. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/356/356-482/356-482.html Skip Menu. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2015, from http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/356/356-482/356-482.html Water contamination. (n.d.). Retrieved May 8, 2015, from http://extoxnet.orst.edu/faqs/safedrink/watercon.htm

Psychodynamic Theories

ANTHONY BILLSON 5. 2 PAGE 2 Psychodynamic Theory As a group over the last few weeks we have been dicussing has a group the 3 main theories of counselling and after careful deliberation ive chosen to do my presentation on the psychodynamic theory. Psychodynamics is the theory and systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behaviour. It is especially interested in the dynamic relations between conscious and unconscious motivation . Psychodynamic therapies depend upon a theory of inner conflict, wherein repressed behaviours and emotions surface into the patient’s consciousness; generally, one conflict is subconscious .Psychodynamics was initially developed by Sigmund Freud ,Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. By the mid 1940s and into the 1950s, the general application of the â€Å"psychodynamic theory† had been well established. When talking about Psychodynamic theory the first name that pops into most peoples heads is Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud was Born i n Austria on May 6, 1856, Sigmund Freud theorized and practiced neuropsychology, studying first hysteria and then sexuality. A highly controversial intellectual figure of the 20th century, he studied dreams, defined what he called the Oedipus complex and laid out three stages of infantile sexual development .He remains one of the most influential figures in today's world. His name alone symbolizes the importance of his theories, and the name that comes to most people's heads when saying the word psychology is Sigmund Freud. Freud was a psychodynamic psychologist and that came from Freud's view on the mind is in the shape of an iceberg. He believes that mankind's mind works in the unconscious. Every choice that mankind makes he is aware of, but maybe the consequences of our action might be unknown.The Structure of Personality which is another interesting part of Freud's theory basically states that we have an ID, a Superego and an Ego. The ID is a biological reservoir of urges and im pulses that need to be gratified. He says the ID does not have a conscious , it acts on instinct and it seeks out gratification and pleasure. It is the pleasure principle. The Superego is the Morality Principle, and the Superego knows the difference between right and wrong. The Superego is a bunch of learned internalized morals and values of society. This is asically the thing that keeps the ID in check. Freud said that Superego is our conscious, and that the Superego is the most powerful tool (guilt and pride). Last but not least is the Ego, which is the reality principle. The Ego finds socially acceptable ways to satisfy the ID. It finds the balance between the ID and reality. The functions of the Ego is to find a compromise between the ID and the Superego. The Ego must also learn to deal with anxiety, and it also helps to boost the self-esteem. Without the Ego there would be no mental health.After researching Freud's theory of the Structure of Personality I feel we have different parts of our behavior that we can control and that we are conscious about and there are other behaviors that come directly from our unconscious . Our ego lies to us, denies, falsifies, and distorts reality which in turn causes us to create what Freud likes to call the seven defense mechanisms. The first of the seven defense mechanisms is Repression. Repression pushes the problem to the subconscious. It is the exclusion of impulses and thoughts from the conscious mind.Next comes Denial, and denial is the cutting of the conscious mind from external threats. ANTHONY BILLSON 5. 2 PAGE 3 An example of this would be when you are walking in the mall with your girlfriend and a beautiful woman walks by and you look but when your girlfriend asks you say, â€Å"I wasn't looking at her. † Next there is a defense mechanism called Sublimation which is the changing of bad behavior and impulses into socially acceptable behavior and impulses. One example of this could be playing football for a scholarship in order to go to college.Another defense mechanism is Reaction Formation which is a development of behavior opposite of that which brings you anxiety . The next mechanism is called Projection whichis when the unconscious attribution of your thoughts and feelings is brought onto others. Finding flaws in others is a good example of Projection. Displacement is the next defense mechanism, and this is when an urge is placed onto another object. Taking out anger onto others when you really should be mad at yourself. Last but not least is the defense mechanism of Rationalization which is giving a good reason in place of the true reason.Another well known psychologist which is actually a student of Freuds' is Carl Jung who is also a psychodynamic psychologist, Carl Jung was born July 26, 1875 in Kesswil, Switzerland and he went a little deeper than Freud did in his theories and he challenges some of his ideas. One is that Jung's iceberg is right side up and at the top of the iceberg is the ego, and the level underneath that is the personal unconscious, and the final level of the iceberg is finally the collective unconscious which is almost the exact opposites of Freud's.What I mean by deeper is that he feels that man is not just sexual but spiritual as well. He says that the major difference in man is based on the Libido which is your sex drive. As you can see Jung has a much broader level of human interest. Jung theories are strongly based on Darwin's theory of Evolution. Jung thinks we evolved behaviorally which has allowed us to prosper and move forward in order to keep up with society. The next part of Carl Jung's theory is the Archetypal Complex, which are common ways of dealing with the world.In other words it's a genetically transmitted response strategy. It ensures survival. There are two examples of Archetypal Complexes and they are the enemy archetype and the social archetype. . There are examples in everyday life when a person does not know what something is they immediately show some sort of aggression or frustration which proves they are afraid of what is different or what they do not really know or understand. The social archetype basically means strength in numbers. Also the social archetype is what we look to for support and look to interact and socialize with.The response strategy is to develop a need to conform. With the whole idea of Archetypal Complexes different people use different ways to deal with the world's problems, and enemy archetype could not be more precise about mankind being threatened by something that is different. The next part of Jung's theory is the idea of Individuation which is the integration of our conscious perceptions of the outside world with our unconscious archetypal experiences. Polarities, which are opposite extremes, which ties in the Principle of entropy which, is a state of disorder and a randomness of energy.The last thing Jung states in his theory is the idea of wholeness whic h is having both polarities of our life met. Carl Jung's theory challenges much of Freud's, but in some ways is similar. Jung gets more into man being more spiritual than sexual which is almost the opposite of Freud. The next psychologist that I will mention will be a social psychodynamic psychologist by the name of Alfred Adler. Adler was born on February 7, 1870 and Adler’s theory states that all of us are born with a sense of inferiority as evidenced by how weak and helpless a newborn is.ANTHONY BILLSON 5. 2 PAGE 4 By this, Adler was able to explain that this inferiority is a crucial part of our personality, in the sense that it is the driving force that pushes us to strive in order to become superior. In addition to the Inferiority Theory of Personality, Adler also considers birth order as a major factor in the development of our personality. He believed that first born children may feel inferior and may even develop inferiority complex once their younger sibling arrives. The middle born children, on the other hand, are not as pampered as their older or younger sibling, but they have a sense of superiority to dethrone their older sibling in a healthy competition. Thus they have the greatest potential to be successful in life. The youngest children may feel like they have the least power to influence other members of the family. Because they are often the most pampered, they may develop personality problems of inferiority just like the first born. He was much less of a pessimist than Freud was; Almost a complete opposite from Freud.Adler believed that society impedes humans. His view of the mind is much like Carl Jung's, but instead of having the ego at the top he has the conscious at the top with the unconscious on the bottom. He felt that social interests drive motivation, which is an innate drive to be social and to belong. He also stated in his theory that mankind is dependent on others and their reactions and their acceptance which in turn leaves mankind very vulnerable. The main idea of this theory is that he feels that mankind is more social than biological.A great example ofthis would definitely be that in today's schools there are cliques and clans of different people that feel that they are cooler or better and than the people who are not as popular do whatever they can to fit in with a certain group. Teenagers nowadays are probably the best example there is of Adler's theory of social interest. Another part of Adler's theory that he brings up is the idea of the creative self which he says drives us toward human nature. There are two parts to this theory and they are the superiority complex and the inferiority complex.First of all the superiority complex states mankind tries to better itself in order to overcome our weaknesses. The second part of this theory is the inferiority complex which is when society measures us up to their standards. This is when we begin to avoid our weaknesses instead of trying to overcome the m. The next theorist is Erich Fromm who was born in Frankfurt on March 23, 1900 and he was a liberal social psychodynamic psychologist who was also a student of Freuds. He believes that man is innately good and society is the thing that corrupts him.He also feels that the conscious mind dominates over the unconscious. Fromm says man is a social creature and he believes that mankind has social needs. He says life is a struggle and society makes our lives difficult. Fromm feels that the four needs of mans' social life are relatedness, frame of reference , identity, and transcendence. Relatedness is a basic need and it states that man needs to feel connected to humanity whether it be friends, family, or activities. It also states that man has to beinteracted with other in order to belong.The problems start when a person feels that they are not a part of something. Relatedness is probably the most powerful need. Frame of Reference are common ideas and beliefs of looking at the world. Th is is when we seek out a belief system or a value system. We receive our frame of reference from where we find our relatedness. Without frame of reference there is no meaning to life. Identity is the next out of the four needs of mans social life which is when you know who you are and what you stand for.With identity you have to establish your own uniqueness or identity. Recognizing differences in others help you to find your own identity. ANTHONY BILLSON 5. 2 PAGE 5 Next comes transcendence which is rarely achieved and this means to rise above societies conformities in order to be an individual. With transcendence there is a risk of losing your relatedness, and for this not to happen relatedness must allow you rise above society. A conflict of freedom and loneliness means that the more that we become transcendent the more we lose the relatedness.My last theorist to talk about is Erik Erikson, he was born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1902 . Erikson impacted psychological theories by exp anding upon Freud’s original five stages of development. He believed that each person progressed through eight, and ultimately nine (added by his widow), stages of development throughout their lives. Erikson’s theories were founded on the premise that environment played a major role in self-awareness, adjustment, human development, and identity . His belief in the Life Cycle later won him a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award.He was selected for the Jefferson Lecture and recognized for his achievement in the area of humanities. Erikson was best known for his impact on psychology through his theory on social development and his lengthy teaching career at prestigious institutions. Now after all my researching which has took me quite a while to get through cause there are so many sources to choose from ive realised that has psychodynamic theories have developed over the years our understanding of the human psyche has evolved and so as the effectiveness of the methods used by counsellors today.There is a negative side to this theory though cause some critics argue that psychodynamic theories are not falsifiable and therefore unscientific. In response to this criticism, proponents of psychodynamic theories point out that evidence does support some psychodynamic concepts. For example, research shows that there are unconscious mental processes, that people have mental representations of other people, and that people use unconscious defense mechanisms to protect themselves from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety.Other critics argue that psychodynamic theories are made by generalizing from a small number of patients to the whole human population. Relying only on case studies can lead to faulty conclusions. Still others argue that most psychodynamic theories are not based on studies that follow people from childhood to adulthood. Instead, psychodynamic theorists listen to descriptions of an adult patient’s past and draw conclusions about the r elevance of childhood experiences however memories are not always reliable.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

Advanced Academic Writing The wide attention of critics to Hemingway â€Å"Indian Camp† can be attributed in compare two secondary sources: â€Å"Hemingway Primitivism and Indian Camp† by Jeffrey Meyers, and â€Å"Dangerous Families and Intimate Harm in Hemingway Indian Camp† by Lisa Tyler. Both Meyers and Tyler explore the theme of masculinity and Hemingway biography. The story introduces the theme of masculinity in the context of giving birth in anIndian camp. Although childbirth typically concern women, Hemingway turns it into a male-dominated situation and shifts the focus to DRP. Adams, who performs a Cesarean operation, and to the husband's suicide. Both Tyler and Meyers examine this masculine focus of a typically female endeavor-?childbirth. Tyler refers to DRP. Adams role as the person who passes on values and shape perceptions of masculinity and especially how to respond to a women suffering to his son- Nick.Meyers, on the other hand, refers to the India n husband who feels responsible for the male sexual behavior during the birthing that contaminates his wife and â€Å"cannot bear this defilement of his wife's purity â€Å", therefore follows his primitive values and customs and â€Å"punishes himself for the violation of taboo†. Both secondary sources cite Hemingway biography. Tyler uses Hemingway biography in order to demonstrate how Hemingway own relationship with his father extends to the interactions between Nick Adams and his father. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

A Modern Take On Chaucer s Canterbury Tales - 865 Words

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While Chaucer, the father of the English language, does a masterful job when he intricately describes his characters in the general prologue, if the tales were adapted for modern times he would need to add a celebrity, an athlete, and a news anchor. The first addition Chaucer would need to make immediately is a person who is regarded as a celebrity, preferably one of the inexplicable ones who seem famous only because they are famous. These are the people in society who raise themselves up on a pedestal and view anyone not on their level financially or otherwise as inferior. If Chaucer added one of these characters they would be in whatever attire they desired and use whatever speech they made up. Celebrities are like a modern versionShow MoreRelatedChaucer s Candide And Shakespeare s Macbeth1317 Words   |  6 Pagessociety in which the author lived such as Voltaire’s’ Candide and Shakespeare’s Macbeth. 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The Revolutionary Armed Forces Of Colombia - 1686 Words

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia, otherwise known as FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) was originally established in 1964 from a fractioned group of the Columbian Communist Party. It was formed during a war between the political parties that consisted of liberals and conservatives. After the Violence aka La Violencia which left around 200,000 people dead over a 15 year span many peasants fled their homes including one Manuel Marulanda Velez real name Pedro Antonio Marin (Molano, A., 2000). He was part of the liberals but joined the communist party after they had started forming militia groups known as self-defense units. Manuel Marulanda Velez was attracted to this†¦show more content†¦Literary estimates show that FARC was responsible for the trade of nearly $2 million per day in drug trafficking. Money and political strength were near the heart of the groups’ daily functions. The finance of terrorism is also where the vulnerability in their maintenance lives. As described by Roberge (2013), â€Å"Financing terro rism’s main conclusion, which is more implicit than explicit, is that while combating terrorism financing is important to diminishing a terrorist group’s capacity to inflict harm, it is only one instrument among many with which to target organizations† (p.407). Through land rights, political participation, or economic reform, Columbia would work diligently to bring an end to a battle in 2014. Negotiations for peace began in 2012. It was believed that FARC was responsible for the kidnapping of a Columbian senator from his aircraft followed by a mortar attack on the Presidential Palace 6 months later. FARC had been labeled as the oldest, largest, most capable and best equipped insurgency group. Fears mounted that, without peace negotiations, civilian casualties would outweigh any attempts at casual negotiation. Unilateral cease fires were unsuccessful. The only means of Columbian efforts was to being attacks that would challenge and eliminate monetary power and members within authoritarian roles. Efforts were quickly noted. As described by Kan (2014), â€Å"Treasury

The Attitudes Toward Death Changed - 950 Words

The attitudes toward death changed in society. In the past, younger children were dying at higher numbers than adults. When a younger children dies it’s hard for society to accept death compared to older people. However, the death attitudes of older people are more acceptable given their long lives. In the past, younger children died from infectious disease while in the present older people died from chronic disease. In the present, the changes in attitude is that disease can be treated and people are able to live longer. Younger children died at home surrounding with family members, and now, older people are dying at hospital under medical care. Now death is less visible to the family members while in the past death was visible to family members since it happened at home. The changes in attitudes toward death have changed in part because family members witness death differently now. Another change in attitudes comes from time of death. 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Integrating Four Skills in Clt Context free essay sample

In the history of language teaching, many methods and approaches have been used and developed. Among them Communicative Language Teaching is now thought as the most influential or must-use one. It is clearly defined in the handout: It would be fair to say that if there is any one umbrella approach to language teaching that has become the accepted norm in this field, it would have to be the Communicative Language Teaching Approach. Below is a lesson plan which is based on the CLT approach and we try to integrate four macro skills in it. This lesson plan is designed or intermediate-level or sophomore students at SFLC, NUM. In the lesson, we are aiming at a result in which students are actually able to use the language about environment, especially about the climate change/global warming, both verbally and in writing. Even though it looks like each task focuses on different skill, every task is designed to integrate at least 2 skills of the four. We will write a custom essay sample on Integrating Four Skills in Clt Context or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, the lesson is a part of a sequence lesson which means in the previous class they have been introduced vocabulary related to the environment. The period of the lesson plan is an hour and a half. Lesson procedure Warm-up: As a warm-up students are asked about the weather that day and previous day. The question is for the whole class; therefore anyone who feels comfortable to talk in front of the whole class can answer. Then they are asked to work in pairs to talk about their favorite weather. Its a simple task to encourage the students and build confidence in them. The warm-up is about 10-15 minutes. Speaking: When the students are thought to be ready and confident enough, gradually turn the class into a discussion about climate change and global warming (causes of the climate hanges, whats happening in the world, what we can do about it, etc). Then they are divided into group of three and given statements of the Task 1 . Students should discuss about the statement and when they are finished with it they can rotate the statements around the groups. Since the topic is a popular one all the students are encouraged to speak out. They can also use some Mongolian language if they cant express them freely (but they should try as much English as they can) . As for the teacher, they need to use the target language as often as possible in order to provide ealistic models for students to use. I would give some explanation or help in Mongolian on the students request (15-20 minutes). Listening: As the discussion is on the global warming and climate change, students are now asked to listen to people speaking out their opinion on global warming. This is very authentic and contextualized because the tape script is actually taken from a readers discussion on a weather website. It will help the students to move from structured language production to more communicative language use . At first the tape is played without ny interference. For the second time it should be stopped after each speaker and the students are asked if they agree or disagree with that person and to comment on the speakers opinion. If the students do not agree with each other and start an argument, they should be encouraged to defend their own idea. In this way, the listening task would turn from an inactive listening task to one where the students take alternate roles as listener and speaker (20 minutes). Writing: At this time, own opinion and built knowledge on the subject . Therefore, students are asked to rite a small opinion passage about global warming. They should imagine that they are writing it on the real website discussion. In the previous task students have listened texts which models how people are expressing their opinion. Thus, the students will not face difficulties. After they are done with the task, they should exchange what they have written (20 minutes). Reading: Students are given handouts in which they need to read short passages about different areas of environmental issues (preferably questions discussed in the speaking section). Students are asked o read the passages at their own speed and match them to a set of questions. In order to match questions to the passages, students are required to demonstrate a global comprehension of the passages. Also this type of readings sharpens the students reading skills. While reading the handouts students are not allowed to use dictionary, because it distracts them from understanding the text. At the same time, it will help them to learn to recognize words automatically which is a basis for reading skill . When students complete the task, check the answer. (1 5 minutes) Homework (explaining HW will take 5 minutes): Students are asked to work in groups of four. Choose one of the environmental issues and present it to the class. It can be in any form e. g. ews report, role-play, informative presentation and etc. This task is supposed to integrate all four skills including (but not limited to) activities such as: 0 Doing some research and reading them thoroughly 0 Or listening to news reports for information 0 Writing about the topic based on information they found 0 Finding related pictures and other visual materials and preparing to explain them Working with their partners which should include sharing opinions and listening to the others 0 Presenting it to the class and responding to any questions those come from peer students afterwards. Handouts for the tasks Task 1: Discussion Statements Climate change is the most serious threat to our planet at the moment. All countries should be forced to apply serious regulations to reduce carbon emissions. Normal people cant do much to stop global warming. I am worried about climate change. Everybody should do whatever they can to save energy. Climate change isnt as serious as people say. People like to worry about something! There are simply too many people living on planet earth! We are going to lose many animal species and areas of low land in the very near future be cause of global warming. Gonzalo Im all in favour of global warming. I grow tropical plants so for me the warmer the weather is the better! Tanya In 20 years time the traditional British weather will be a thing of the past. Well have a climate like the south of France. People will be healthier as theyll spend more time outdoors. Just think, dining al fresco in the summer months. Itll be great! Luis no one can tell me that global warming isnt happening. Weve Just had the hottest year on record! My sister lives in the north of Spain and she said that it is beach weather there and its November. I mean its not normal is it? Kevin When I was a boy we used to have heavy snow most years. Since the early 90s all weve had is a light dusting of snow. It must be due to global warming. Ruth You only have to switch on the news to see the crazy things the weather is doing. There are so many floods, hurricanes and droughts. Its the extreme weather conditions caused by global warming. Oliver Theres no such thing as global warming. Its all media hype to brainwash people. If they told us the moon was made of cheese often enough people would believe it! Mark The world will never be the same again, but thats how it has always been. It changes constantly and nature and man can adapt to these changes. If we couldnt, human life on the planet would have finished years ago. Task 3 Who do you agree with most? Who do you disagree with? What would you write to the message board? Put your message here. Share your message with the class. Does anyone have the same view as you?