Biographical Information Essay Example for Free

Biographical Information Essay Regarded by contemporary and recent critics as one of the most notable female poets in Western literature, Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote Aurora Leigh at the height of her literary career, and the poem is deemed her masterwork in terms of poetics and narrative. Part autobiography and part social criticism, the poem traces the life of an Englishwoman and poet, Aurora Leigh, and is frequently cited as a proto-feminist treatise for its portrayal of difficulties arising for female characters from traditional values and practices of English society. Brownings innovative use of genre, self-reference, and feminine perspective make Aurora Leigh a landmark of nineteenth-century literature. Biographical Information Browning had planned to write a novel in blank verse as early as 1845, and had proposed that the subject would be a critical narrative of ordinary English life. At the time of Aurora Leighs publication in 1857, Browning, supported by her friendship and eventual marriage to Robert Browning in September of 1846, had recovered from a long period of poor health, family catastrophes, and isolation. In 1850, Sonnets from the Portuguese, written during her courtship with Browning, had been published to popular acclaim, and her reputation as a poet, especially of sentimental works, had grown. A son, Robert Wiedemann Barrett Browning, had been born to the couple in 1849, and this seems to have rejuvenated Brownings artistic endeavors. The Brownings began to travel extensively and became involved in politics on the Continent; Barrett Browning subsequently expressed in Aurora Leigh a concern with social issues, particularly the rights of women and the poor, and revealed her familiarity with European and classical literature as well. Aurora Leigh, published in 1857, was the most successful of Brownings works from a commercial standpoint: the book had gone through nineteen editions by 1885. Plot and Major Characters A novel in verse, as Coventry Patmore called it, Aurora Leigh follows the life of its heroine through her birth and childhood in Italy, intellectual development, literary career, and personal relationships. At a young age, Aurora Leigh resists the conventional and complacent English values imposed on her by a maiden aunt who cares for her after the death of her parents, and she discovers the pleasures of literature. Her early creative compositions stir her ambitions to support herself through a poetic career, and in time she becomes moderately successful in London literary circles. In the process of accomplishing this, Aurora rejects a marriage proposal from her cousin Romney Leigh, a wealthy philanthropist and owner of the family estate, who soon rescues a young woman named Marian Erle from poverty. The growing attachment between Romney and Marian is severed, however, by the unscrupulous Lady Waldemar, who is herself in love with Romney. Lady Waldemar contributes to Marians disappearance from London and her reappearance in a Paris brothel, where Marian is sexually assaulted and bears a child. Aurora, on her way to Italy, recognizes Marian in Paris and takes her and her child to Florence. When Romneys socialist Utopian community disastrously fails, he acknowledges the emptiness and hypocrisy of conventional methods of philanthropy, and travels to Florence. After a series of misunderstandings in which Aurora believes Romney has already wed Lady Waldemar, Romney once again asks Aurora to marry him. This she does, recognizing that art needs to be aided by love and partnership in the process of self-realization. Major Themes Browning addressed several major social issues in the narrative of Aurora Leigh—the relationship between art and individual self-fulfillment, the issue of class politics, and the issue of gender roles. The work suggests that individual freedom, regardless of class or gender, allows for inner development and the cultivation of creativity and inspiration. However, the novel-poem shows sensitivity to other aspects of the creative process, such as the background to the production of any artistic work and the source of creativity in turmoil and conflict. Furthermore, Aurora Leigh intricately weaves the political implications of Brownings own strong individualism and her emphasis on the actualization of ones lifes work into Aurora Leighs struggle to find her place, as a woman poet, in the traditional social order found in the poem. In addition, the work focuses on the institutionalized sexism and classicism of the Victorian age, and directs its severest criticism at conventional philanthropy as hypocritical and paternalistic. Also, Aurora Leigh depicts, through the character of Marian Erle, the horrific consequences of the abuse and neglect suffered by the poor—particularly poor women. The subplot of Marian and her child also censures the Victorian tendency to reject those who have been sexually attacked, and argues for greater concern for and treatment of the innocent victims. Critical Reception Despite its tremendous popular success, Aurora Leigh received mixed reactions from contemporary critics. Many, in addition to calling it immoral, found fault with its characterization, plot, and language; others, however, found the work proof of Brownings poetic genius. The poem was largely neglected by subsequent critics until the early 1930s, when Virginia Woolf s enthusiastic article on the poem was published. The emergence of feminist criticism helped spark renewed interest in the work, although Aurora Leigh is not unanimously accepted as a precursor to modern feminism. Commenting on the poems conclusion in particular, many feminist critics have regarded Auroras acceptance of marriage as the beginning of her loss of independence. Others have found in the ending a radical deviation from traditional nineteenth-century thought—instead of losing her independence through marriage, Aurora gains a rewarding and satisfying life through the blending of her artistic achievement with the love and partnership of another. According to several twentieth-century critics, this innovation is echoed in Brownings style: although contemporary reviewers criticized her unconventional poetic tendencies, more recent scholars consider her style to be innovative. Altogether, Aurora Leigh illuminates both Brownings artistic strengths and her weaknesses: she is praised for her ability to express passionate emotion, yet she is criticized for choosing such an abstract topic for Aurora Leigh as her highest convictions upon Life and Art. She is commended for her lyrical tone and innovative use of imagery, yet she is criticized for her verbose style, improbable plot, and unrealistic characters. In light of fervent endorsements of the poem by such literary figures as Emily Dickinson and Virginia Woolf, Aurora Leigh is generally judged to be a masterwork with noticeable flaws and remains highly significant to contemporary literary historians and critics.

The system development life cycle framework Essay Example for Free

The system development life cycle framework Essay The system development life cycle framework provides a sequence of activities for system designers and developers to follow. It consists of a set of steps or phrases which each phase of the SDLC uses the results of the previous one. Here are some important phases that are essential for developers, Planning, Analysis, Design, and Implementation. These SDLCs are put into place and composed of clearly defined and distinct work phases. These are used by system engineers and system developers to plan for, design, build, test and deliver information systems. The product Life Cycle, is the process for building information systems in a very deliberate, structured and methodical way, originally developed for large scale functional business systems to figure out the life cycle of a program or programs. Here are the following SDLC guidelines that are used,  Preliminary analysis: The objective of phase 1 is to conduct a preliminary analysis, propose alternative solutions, describe costs and benefits and submit a preliminary plan with recommendations. Conduct the preliminary analysis: in this step, you need to find out the organizations objectives and the nature and scope of the problem under study. Even if a problem refers only to a small segment of the organization itself then you need to find out what the objectives of the organization itself are. Then you need to see how the problem being studied fits in with them. Propose alternative solutions: In digging into the organizations objectives and specific problems, you may have already covered some solutions. Alternate proposals may come from interviewing employees, clients, suppliers, and/or consultants. You can also study what competitors are doing. With this data, you will have three choices: leave the system as is, improve it, or develop a new system. Describe the costs and benefits. Systems analysis, requirements definition: Defines project goals into defined functions and operation of the intended application. Analyzes end-user information needs. Systems design: Describes desired features and operations in detail, including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudocode and other documentation. Development: The real code is written here. Integration and testing: Brings all the pieces together into a special testing environment, then checks for errors, bugs and interoperability. Acceptance, installation, deployment: The final stage of initial development, where the software is put into production and runs actual business. Maintenance: During the maintenance stage of the SDLC, the system is assessed to ensure it does not become obsolete. This is also where changes are made to initial software. It involves continuous evaluation of the system in terms of its performance. Evaluation: Some companies do not view this as an official stage of the SDLC, but is it an important part of the life cycle. Evaluation step is an extension of the Maintenance stage, and may be referred to in some circles as Post-implementation Review. This is where the system that was developed, as well as the entire process, is evaluated. Some of the questions that need to be answered include: does the newly implemented system meet the initial business requirements and objectives? Is the system reliable and fault-tolerant? Does the system function according to the approved functional requirements? In addition to evaluating the software that was released, it is important to assess the effectiveness of the development process. If there are any aspects of the entire process, or certain stages, that management is not satisfied with, this is the time to improve. Evaluation and assessment is a difficult issue. However, the company must reflect on the process and address weaknesses. Disposal: In this phase, plans are developed for discarding system information, hardware and software in making the transition to a new system. The purpose here is to properly move, archive, discard or destroy information, hardware and software that is being replaced, in a manner that prevents any possibility of unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data. The disposal activities ensure proper migration to a new system. Particular emphasis is given to proper preservation and archival of data processed by the previous system. All of this should be done in accordance with the organizations security requirements. All of the above is necessary for proper end user design of software. If we did not have this process then systems would become obsolete and in efficient. http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistbul/april2009_system-development-life-cycle.pdf

Urban Infrastructure in China

Urban Infrastructure in China This paper consists on of issues with public finance within the area of infrastructure. My focus is on Chinas development and how it is on the rise of becoming an economic dynamo. China is aiming to make its countrys global trade and capital flows a powerful force in worldwide management. I will be going into depth about the rapid increase in need for urban infrastructure and what China is doing to fulfill these needs. The issue of infrastructure funding has become more and more of an issue throughout the years. This paper will highlight the many advantages and issues that come with Chinas infrastructure funding. It will also further discuss the mechanisms that allow Chinas funding to flow smoothly throughout the local governments and the increase in how many citizens, administrators, and politicians are interested in increasing public participation in these public decisions (Susel, King, Feltey 1998). A. Introduction: Urban Infrastructure in China Infrastructure is the internal facilities of a country that make business activity possible, such as communication, transportation, and distribution networks, financial institutions and markets, and energy supply systems ( Businessdictionary 2017). Infrastructure, according to empirical and theoretical studies such as Agenor and Moreno Dodson (2006) and Anderson et al (2006), in Yingying Shis article, promotes growth through several channels. It has become one of the number one sources of enhancing factor productivity (2013). The public nature of infrastructure allows the government to use it as a monetary tool. However, the roles and effects infrastructure plays across countries varies extremely. The relationship the government and the private sector have is at the very center of the problem determining how to finance infrastructure. EIB PAPERS says, it is for the public policy to decide which types of infrastructure to put in place at which network size, to govern the planning and licensing activities and to set the regulatory framework, which determines inter alia the price of using the infrastructure services (EIB PAPERS). Chinas economic growth has caused the development of finance landscape to become very dynamic. With the hasty increase in the need for infrastructure Chinas biggest concern has become funding. This is affecting the welfare of the citizens, but is also persuading the progress of the society. According to Chengxin Cao and Zhirong Jerry Zhao, one of the most important reasons for the slower infrastructure growth is low government spending on infrastructure, which is caused by limited resources of urban infrastructure (2011).   Over the years, the main source of money was converted from mostly financial allocation and local taxes, to land transfer fees. This has caused China to pick up the speed on building infrastructure through their country. B. In Support of Urban Infrastructure in China China is todays number one country that is on the economic rise. It is expected to continue this for several decades. James F. Hoge Jr. states in his article A Global Power Shift in the Making that Chinas economic rise will continue if, it can manage the tremendous disruptions caused by rapid growth, such as internal migration from rural to urban areas, high levels of unemployment, massive bank debt, and pervasive corruption (2004). However, because of Chinas economic expansion it has become a major consumer of oil, metals, timbers, gas, and fish. This causing it to need more infrastructure. With new infrastructure projects put into place more citizens are becoming employed. According to M. Jae Moon, the idea of pay-for-performance has been adopted by many of the public agencies as a new means of enhancing motivation and improving organizational performance in the public sector under the performance management and recognition system (Moon 2000). With this put it place in motivates the workers in China to strive to achieve their goals with infrastructure. Jorge Martinez, Baoyun Qian, Shuilin Wang, Li Zhang, and Heng-fu Zou state, capital investment in infrastructure is the shared responsibility of the central government and sub-national governments, both levels playing equally important roles (2014). According to the World Bank (1995) in Yingying Shis article, Chinas infrastructure investment was about 6.5% of its GDP in 1993, well above the average level of 4% GDP for developing countries. By the year 2009, investment in infrastructure sectors, energy, transport and tele communications, water and sewage, etc, had reached to about 15% to 20% for the coastal provinces and municipalities (2013). Today Chinas new infrastructure consists of new expressways (one that is about two-thirds the length of the United States Interstate Highway  System), airports, railways, and rerouting its rivers. Their public sectors granted reforms gives the local governments autonomy on their own spending such as these new infrastructures being built. According to analysis by KPMG and Anne VanderMey, last year China invested $207 billion in road construction and upgrades (2013). The highway construction is an important part of Chinas efforts to create jobs, and helping transport supplies and goods from factories to ports. Many of Chinas economic goals hinge on efficient transport: The shift from rural to urban living has necessitated vast investments in transit, both in cities and the country (VanderMey 2013). With the increase in connectivity through China, they hope they will be able to tap into the immense spending potential of its growing middle class. Without China and its economic growth, the rest of the United States would not be the same. That is why it is a large asset for infrastructure to be put ahead of any other investment, because it is a necessity. The United States needs China to have more means of transportation and different paths, so that they can receive important goods. The nature of infrastructure investment, which requires large sunk costs and whose benefits in general cover a large number of people, is considered best with public provision (Shi 2013). C. Against Urban Infrastructure in China Chinas economy is rapidly growing and changing every single day. To keep up with the changes money must be involved. One of the main challenges still facing Chinas fiscal  system is the important local differences in fiscal resources across their sub-national governments. Regional disparities could be, to some extent, interpreted as the necessary cost to achieve other goals of economic reforms such as economic development and growth and more sub national autonomy; however, the costs of these disparities also have increased and could now  exceed the potential benefits (Martinez, Qian, Wang, Zhang, Zou 2014). It has become hard for local government to be able to finance all of Chinas expenditures (infrastructure), in fact, at the county level and central areas on the country they are in debt. The central government has tried to enforce the administration of extra-budgetary revenues and make efforts to reduce illegal fees and add-ons. Because of this, extra-budgetary income and off- budgetary income have become major sources of incomes for Chinas local governments. According to Chinas 1994 Budget Law, local governments are forbidden from borrowing in the capital market. However, given the still limited direct financing and indirect financing through intergovernmental transfers much of the actual financing of these sub-national governments spending is through borrowing (Martinez, Qian, Wang, Zhang, Zou 2014). Although borrowing money to help build infrastructure is a positive thing it is also very negative because it puts China more and more in debt each time a road or plane is built. In result, inefficient and risky projects arise that may not yield long run benefits and my not be plausible given the current and projected local economic conditions (Shi 2013). We do not see it but several of the local governments in China are in a serious money crisis. This has caused a  negative impact on the quality and quantity of basic public services for China. Many people believe that China has weak organizations of budget implementation, does not have c ontrol on  their budgets, and that the financing model that upkeeps government-led infrastructure development is not supportable D. Critique of both sides: Money for Infrastructure in China? Almost everyone in the United States can agree that China is on its way to becoming the number one largest country that everyone depends on. In fact, from 2013 to 2015 China was the worlds largest exporter. China is currently Americas biggest banker. The question is however,  should China continue to receive money to continue building infrastructure in their country. According to John Bachmann and Joe Burnett, infrastructure has opened the door to socio-economic development in China. Economic growth- facilitated in part by roads, water and power investments- has helped pull roughly 700 million people above the poverty line in the last 20 year (2012). Not only is building infrastructure allowing each country to interact with one another, but it is also helping China citizens which is a very big deal. The money that is coming from Chinas local governments is being put towards something beneficial. China has been able to succeed in infrastructure building because of its centralized po litical system. Each level is responsible for the higher level of government. So, if one level of government believes that money needs to be put towards a certain part of infrastructure, another part of the government can look and see if this would be a useful investment. The role of infrastructure changes depending on the economic conditions for instance: Infrastructure investment has shifted from accommodating to the growth of an export oriented economy to a fiscal stimulus tool in the lagging area. China has indeed been leading other developing countries in infrastructure building. Infrastructure investment  has become one of the most important pillars of Chinas growing export-oriented and investment led economy (Shi 2013). While infrastructure financing in China can be beneficial to China and other countries it can also have a negative effect. Like I discussed earlier in my paper, debt is a major issue when it comes  to infrastructure financing. China normally has received its financing from government loaning and land-transfer revenues, but as revenues reduce, risks for the local governments have risen. According to Zuo Kun, Chinas Ministry of Finance is working to promote the PPP model in infrastructure projects by identifying the respective rights, obligations, risks, and revenues of both public-and private-sector partners (2014). The government hopes with this plan that they can build beneficial partnerships with the private sector and public projects. E. Conclusion As individuals, we are all given the freedom to voice our own opinions on topics such as infrastructure financing. On this topic, I believe that China should continue to be given money to proceed with their processes on building new and improved infrastructure. If the United States wants to continue to grow economically then we must benefit from China by supporting them one hundred percent. China may have public finance issues that are occurring within their government but with the help from the PPP mode and private investments in joint ownership the government debt will hopefully begin to decrease and will help solve other financing issues. China is striving to create more and more means of infrastructure to help every nation possible and to help with this, the central government is determined to improve the urban infrastructure in any way, they see possible. I believe that for a country like China, who has built its economic growth on such low-quality equipment, is an achievement on its own. Looking towards the future, China should continue its five-year plan, Going Global Strategy. According to WWF this plan, encourages Chinese companies to invest overseas (2017). This  will help China save money and not put it to waste. I look forward to seeing China continue to grow economically helping each country in any way they can. References Bachmann, J., Burnett, J. (2012). Infrastructure and the Environment in Chinese Cities: Prospects for Improvement. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/infrastructure-and-the-environment-in-chinese-cities-prospects-for-improvement/. Cao, C., Zhao, Z. J. (2011). Funding Chinas Urban Infrastructure: Revenue Structure and Financing Approaches. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/458a/62db270d6555be6406acf610ed67c6219e4f.pdf. EIB Papers. (n.d.). Public and private financing of infrastructure. Evolution and economics of private infrastructure finance. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from http://www.eib.org/attachments/efs/eibpapers/eibpapers_2010_v15_n01_en.pdf Hoge, J. F., Jr. (2004). A Global Power Shift in the Making. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2004-07-01/global-power-shift-making. King, C. S., Feltey, K. M., Susel, B. O. (1998). The Question of Participation: Toward Authentic Public Participation in Public Administration ,58(4), 317-326. Retrieved March 7, 2017. Kun, Z. (2014). Critical issues in the next decade of Chinas infrastructure effort. Retrieved March 7, 2017. Martinez, J., Qian, B., Wang, S., Zhang, L., Zou, H. (2014). Annals of Economics and Finance. An Essay on Public Finance in China, 289-405. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from http://down.aefweb.net/AefArticles/aef150109Martinez.pdf Moon, M. J. (2000). Organizational Commitment Revisited in New Public Management: Motivation, Organizational Culture, Sector, and Managerial Level ,24(2), 177-194. Retrieved March 7, 2017 Shi, Y. (2013). Essays on Public Infrastructure Investment and Economic Growth. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd%3A1790/datastream/OBJ/view. VanderMey, A. (2013). China. Chinas new infrastructure. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from http://fortune.com/2013/05/23/chinas-new-infrastructure/ What is economic infrastructure? definition and meaning. (n.d.). Retrieved March 07, 2017, from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/economic-infrastructure.html WWF. (n.d.). China at a crossroads. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/transforming_china/

Lewis Carroll :: essays research papers

Of all of Lewis Carroll’s works, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland has a unique standing in the category of whimsical, nonsense literature. Much has been written about how this novel contrasts with the vast amount of strict, extremely moralistic children’s literature of the Victorian time Lewis Carroll lived in. Yet, as odd as this novel appears in relation to the other Victorian children’s stories, this short novel is odder because it was written by an extremely upright, ultra conservative man; a Victorian gentleman. Even though the novel seems to contrast with the time of Lewis Carroll, many experiences of Lewis Carroll and his unique character have a great influence in the creation of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Lewis Carroll, the pseudonym of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was born on January 27, 1832, in Daresbury England. He was the oldest boy in a family of eleven children of Reverend Charles Dodgson and his wife, Francis Jane Lutwidge. The childhood of Lewis Carroll was relatively pleasant, full of ideas and hobbies that contributed to his future creative works. Carroll’s life at Daresbury was rather secluded, and his playmates were mostly his brothers and sisters (Green 18). Interacting with mostly his sisters, he was the "master of their ceremonies, inventor of games, magician, marionette theater manager, and editor of family journals" (DLB v. 163 45). A great deal of Carroll’s childhood was spent taking care of his little sisters, and his imagination was constantly being exercised in order to entertain them (Green 18). A childhood trouble that Carroll possessed and persisted throughout his life was stammering severely. It is suggested that his stammer may have a risen from his parent’s attempts to correct his left-handedness. This attempt early in his life may have caused Carroll to think he was not normal, therefore hurting his self-confidence (Kelly 13-14). When Carroll spoke to adults, his speech became extremely difficult to understand. Apparently, he panicked; his shyness and stammering always seemed worse when he was in a world of adults (Leach 2). Partly as a result of his stammering, he felt very comfortable around children and he was able to easily form close relationships among them. While speaking with younger children, Carroll’s stammering had magically disappeared. He "simply became one of them-whether or not they accepted him-and most did" (Pudney 20). As a child, Carroll had a fondness of inventing games and language puzzles (14). Lewis Carroll "divided himself into two names, Lewis Carroll and Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson" (DLB v.

Satan is No Hero in John Miltons Paradise Lost :: Milton Paradise Lost Essays

Satan is No Hero in Paradise Lost There have been many different interpretations of John Milton's epic, Paradise Lost. Milton's purpose in writing the epic was to explain the biblical story of Adam and Eve. Although the epic is similar to the Bible story in many ways, Milton's character structure differs from that of the Bible's version. Through-out the epic Milton describes the characters in the way he believes they are. In book II of Paradise Lost, Milton portrays Satan as a rebel who exhibits certain heroic qualities, but who turns out not to be a hero. Milton's introduction of Satan shows the reader how significant Satan is to Paradise Lost. He uses Satan's heroic qualities to his followers, and his ability to corrupt to show the thin line between good and evil. Satan was one of the highest angels in Heaven and was know as Lucifer, meaning, light bearer. This shows he was once a good angel. Milton makes the reader see him as a leader and a strong influence to all in his presence. He best describes Satan's ways when stating, "His pride/ had cast him out from Heaven, with all his host. / Of rebel angels, by whose aspiring/ To set himself in glory above his peers" (Milton Book I). Satan's pride was the main reason that God banned him from heaven. Satan always tried to be number one and a leader, instead of following in God's shadow. He would of lived a life in Paradise forever, but he had to follow his feelings as he states, "Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven" (Milton 31). This shows how strongly he felt about not being abo ve everybody else. Milton uses many events like the ones listed above to encourage the reader to view Satan as a hero. "Satan is described to be the brightest and most important angel" (McColley 32). These traits of Satan show how one might recognize Satan as the second in power right below God, who was the highest power of all. Before Satan decides to give up what he has and to rebel against God, he was one of the wisest and most beautiful of all the angels in heaven (McColley 24). Although Satan was beautiful, the most important trait that makes him fit into the hero category is that he was the most powerful angel in heaven.

Essay --

The Irises Plant is a bush with hundreds of flower’s on it. Currently the plant is dying because the Irise plant needs at least half a day of sun and well drained soil without both the plant will not bloom, that’s why they are mostly planted in the summer. Usually this plant when bloomed attracts a wide variety of animals and insects such as Verba bud moths, white flies, iris weevil, Thirps, slugs, snail, aphids, and nematodes may also be troublesome to the iris plant. There are three inner petals called standards, and three outer petals called falls which make up the irises plant. There are three hundred species of this plant and they come in all different colors and sizes, and some colors they come in are pink, orange, yellow, blue, purple, white as well as multi-color. The most common irises is the bearded German iris. Even though â€Å"The Extinction of Experience†, â€Å"Where have all the Animals Gone?† are referring mostly to animals, plants and ani mals are both apart of nature. Without plants some animals could not survive because they feed off of them. All of the stories are similar in a way because each one of the main characters are forcing themselves to face or confront something that is personally affecting them. For instance â€Å"I’ve always enjoyed my visits to our cities’ old public zoos. It was there harsh Juxtapositions, I think, the very characteristic that make them so sad, so unconscionable to some, that made them so compelling to me.† (Siebert 16). This quote expresses how the way they had these animals in cages was so unnatural because these different creatures would never be by each other in a natural habitat peacefully it would be chaos. This was compelling to Siebert because he knew this would never happen outside of... ...an never replace.† (Pyle 261). This quote to me is explaining how people find animals fascinating as far as the unknown about animals life’s even though we can see whales and fish we will never get to experience their lives and things that they go through on a daily basis. We could never live in their habitat and that unknown about not only there lives but the lives and habitats of other animals keeps us imagining what it would be like. That is what keeps us as humans interested and fascinated with animals. The overall concept of these three stories are focusing on animals, nature and how if we continue to take animals out of there natural habitats it may continue to cause animals to be extinct because they animals are not adapting. So if we do not face this problem head on we not only will face local extinction but they have a chance to face global eradication.

Big Time Essay

Today, more and more researchers are interested in estimating the absolute divergence in income distribution in developed and developing countries. And Lant Pritchett is no exception. In his â€Å"Divergence, Big Time† he shows that actual historical statistics are not needed for estimating the ratio of income in the richest and the poorest countries. As far as researchers pay thorough attention to literature on economic growth, Pritchett finds it important to discuss the phenomenon of conditional convergence. The key argument is that economies with low-level incomes have the tendency to develop faster than economies with higher-income levels. Pritchett argues that lack of reliable historical data on per capita income hinders estimations of long-run convergence. Nonetheless, in his research his proves that divergences can be estimated without historical data. Development of modern economic history is attributed to estimations of divergence in productivity and living standards across the countries. I agree with Pritchett that the tendency has gained wider attention as economists and analysts should be provided with proper knowledge of why the poorer countries grow faster, why they recover faster from crisis, etc. Economists should be provided with full scene of what is happening globally, why growth rates are different and what constitutes economic development. Pritchett argues that income in developing countries has fallen, whereas the income in developed countries has significantly increased increasing the gap between the rich and the poor. In particular, long-run economic growth has increased in developed countries, their growth rates remain similar to developing countries, whereas developing countries have the tendency to grow faster to balance convergence in absolute income levels. Interestingly, developing countries are often referred to as the other set of countries, but I can’t agree with such definition because some of the East Asian countries as, for example, China and Japan are swiftly developing and they are very likely to replace the most developed countries within the next years. Of course, in the end of the 19th century economic development in less developed countries was significantly lower, but today the situation has changed. Pritchett notes that, on average, the growth rates in developing countries are slower contributing to divergence in relative incomes. Nevertheless, Pritchett is right when stating that developed countries are marked by different patterns of growth. Further, Pritchett cites one of the modern economists, Gerschenkron, who argues that the idea of ‘advantage of backwardness’ stimulates developing countries to experiences episodes of rapid economic growth driven by increased productivity. I agree with researchers as there are many examples of individual developing countries that have illustrated rapid growth as China, for example. Of course, the most of the backward countries have practically no chances to become world leaders. Historical researches claim that such cases are rare. Nevertheless, poorer countries are provided with the potential of economic growth, but strong forces of stagnation and lack of proper resources hinder economic development. Implosive decline is observed in countries, where society is disintegrated failing to gather economic statistics. Pritchett’s claim that backwardness carries disadvantages is valid. The key challenge is how to overcome disadvantaged posted by stagnation and backwardness. Pritchett concludes that growth theories try to related economic growth to world’s experience. Economic growth in developed and developing countries depends on the level of technological progress, per capita growth, and other internal and external factors. The author is interested in revealing why some countries are developing rapidly, whereas others are fading and loosing rapid growth. In my opinion, the issues raised in the article are important for modern economic history as the author contributes to understanding the reasons of economic growth. He says that divergence in income levels contributes to hindering economic development. However, the key finding is that the poorer countries have the tendency to grow faster. Works Cited Pritchett, Lant. Divergence, Big Time. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11, 3 (1997); pp. 3-17.