About David Adjaye, African-Born World Architect

About David Adjaye, African-Born World Architect With an outside siding of tanned aluminum boards and a passage lobby with more wood than the hold of a slave transport, the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC may become David Adjayes most unmistakable work. The Tanzania-brought into the world British designer makes transformative structures, from this national historical center for the US to an old rail station that is currently the Nobel Peace Center in Oslo, Norway. Foundation: Born:â September 22, 1966, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Africa Instruction and Professional Training: 1988-1990: Chassay Last, London, United Kingdome1990: Bachelor of Architecture with distinction, London South Bank University1990-1991: David Chipperfield (UK) and Eduardo Souto de Moura (Portugal)1993: Masters in Architecture, Royal College of Art1994-2000: Partnership with William Russell as Adjaye Russell1999-2010: Visited each nation in Africa to report African architecture2000 - present: Adjaye Associates, Principal (Facebook) Critical Works: 2002: Dirty House, London, UK2005: Idea Store, Whitechapel, London, UK2005: Nobel Peace Center, Oslo, Norway2007: Rivington Place, London, UK2007: Bernie Grant Arts Center, London, UK2007: Museum of Contemporary Art, Denver, CO2008: Stephen Lawrence Center, London, UK2010: Skolkovo Moscow School of Management, Moscow, Russia2012: Francis Gregory Library, Washington, D.C.2014: Sugar Hill (moderate lodging), 898 St. Nicholas Avenue, Harlem, NYC2015: Aã ¯shti Foundation, Beirut, Lebanon2016: Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC), Washington, D.C. Furniture and Product Designs: David Adjaye has an assortment of side seats, foot stools, and material examples offered by Knoll Home Designs.â He additionally has a line of round seats on hardened steel cylindrical edges called Double Zero for Moroso. About David Adjaye: Since Davids father was an administration representative, the Adjaye family moved from Africa to the Middle East lastly settled in England when David was a youthful young person. As an alumni understudy in London, the youthful Adjaye went from conventional Western compositional shelters, similar to Italy and Greece, to investing energy in Japan finding out about present day Eastern engineering. His reality experience, including coming back to Africa as a grown-up, illuminates his structures not known for a specific style, however for an astute portrayal installed into singular activities. Another experience that has influenced crafted by David Adjaye is the crippling disease of his sibling, Emmanuel. At a youthful age, the future engineer was presented to the broken plans of open foundations utilized by his family as they thought about a recently deadened kid. He has said ordinarily that practical structure is much more significant than excellence. In December 2015, Adjaye Associates was approached to present a proposition for the Obama Presidential Center, to be worked in Chicago. Related People of Influence: Eduardo Souto de MouraChris OfiliRichard Rogers Huge Awards: 1993: Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Bronze Medal2007: Order of the British Empire (OBE) for administrations to architecture2014: W.E.B. Du Bois Medal Citations - In the Words of David Adjaye: Things regularly come at the time they’re intended to come, regardless of whether they appear to be late.- 2013, The New Yorker Supportability isn't simply material use or vitality use...it is lifestyle.†-Approach Related Books: David Adjaye: Form, Heft, Material, Art Institute of Chicago, 2015David Adjaye: Authoring: Re-setting Art and Architecture, Lars Muller, 2012David Adjaye: A House for an Art Collector, Rizzoli, 2011African Metropolitan Architecture, Rizzoli, 2011Adjaye, Africa, Architecture, Thames Hudson, 2011David Adjaye Houses: Recycling, Reconfiguring, Rebuilding, Thames and Hudson, 2006David Adjaye: Making Public Buildings, Thames and Hudson, 2006 Sources: David Adjaye site; A Sense of Place by Calvin Tomkins, The New Yorker, September 23, 2013; David Adjaye, Dezeen Book of Interviews, Dezeen, September 29, 2014; Approach at adjaye.com; David Adjaye, Architect by Amy McKenna, Encyclopedia Britannica Online [accessed January 9, 2016]

Anthrax in America essays

Bacillus anthracis in America expositions The best nation on the planet has been in a high condition of caution for as far back as month and a half. Individuals glancing above in dread, and individuals glancing around in doubt. At that point one day, a word went over the TV that many didn't know about, and many didn't fear. A commendable rival of the American lifestyle had showed up. One that would impact the mail framework, cause more dread and frenzy, and risk the lives of blameless individuals. This shrewd adversary is called Anthrax. In the previous three weeks or something like that, everybody has been taking an additional look at their mail before opening. The tales of guiltless Americans opening their mail just to get a fine cloud and to be contaminated with Anthrax has everybody attempting their best to deal with themselves and their workers. CBS news, ABC news, and CNN are only a couple of organizations that have suspended approaching mail until they can additionally assess their mail frameworks (Noonan 38). In all the frenzy and dread, there is just a single decision U.S. mail has, and that is to continue onward. The whole countries mail can't simply stop. The Bacillus anthracis issue would be settled, yet bills would not be paid, requests would not be given, and significant, perhaps lifesaving, data would not be gotten. Be that as it may, various branches have eased back down to guarantee security (Noonan 38). On TV, you see all the large names mentioning to us what they are doing to battle this alarm, yet the individuals who are truly managing it, are those in the sorting room. A letter comes in saying, significant. A youthful woman , just three weeks at work, opens it just to get a disease to which has placed her life in harm's way. (Noonan 38) Be that as it may, is this an assault by a similar fear monger to which assaulted in mid-September? As increasingly more Bacillus anthracis cases come up, an ever increasing number of individuals point to Usama Bin Laden. In the event that one truly thinks regarding the matter, how troublesome would it be to send letters with a bogus return address with a powder in the ... <!

Want to Pay Off Your Debt Try Building a Better Budget!

Want to Pay Off Your Debt Try Building a Better Budget! Want to Pay Off Your Debt? Try Building a Better Budget! Want to Pay Off Your Debt? Try Building a Better Budget!If you try and pay down your debt without a strict budget, youll have a really hard time coming up with the extra moneyâ€"even if youre working a second job.For many people, the best way they can make their money go further is by paying down the pile of high-interest consumer debt that’s weighing down their everyday life. What better way to improve your financial outlook than by freeing up all that money that’s going towards monthly minimums?!Well, if you’re looking to pay down excess debt, then one of the best things you can do is build better budgetâ€"or build a budget in the first place. Even if you’re working one or two extra jobs to bring in extra funds, you’re going to need a budget to make sure all that newfound cash doesn’t splurge itself out of existence.For all those aspiring budgeteers out there looking to pound their debt into oblivion, here are some helpful steps you can take. Dream big.We’re all motiv ated by the ‘What Ifs?’ Of life. Asking yourself what you would do if you didn’t have debt might be the impetus you need to jump in feet first,” said personal finance blogger and  Queen of Free  Cherie Lowe (@Thequeenoffree).“Rather than paying off debt for the purposes of paying off debt in itself, build a focused dream of what you’ll do once you’re on the other side of debt. Will you travel? Buy a new home? Go back to school?”“Knowing why you’re doing what you’re doing will keep you refreshed and strong on days that are long,” she said.Use  a no-spend month to jumpstart your saving.  Saving money to pay down debt is sometimes a game of momentum. It’s difficult to at first, but once you get going, everything starts to click. That’s why Carla Dearing, CEO of online financial wellness service  Sum180 (@mysum180), recommended starting things off with a “no-spend” month to really get you in the groove.“It’s simple,” said Dearing. “Commit to a 30- day period of spending ONLY on necessities. Walk or bike to everywhere instead of driving; take lunch to work every day; embrace free entertainment options, like exploring local parks.“Not only will you save a lot of money during this one month period, you may find yourself re-evaluating old spending habits altogether and deciding you prefer your own creative, low-cost alternatives.”Figure out your expenses.The first step to building a budget is getting a handle on your expenses and on how much you’re spending every month. Once you know that, you’ll have a very clear idea for where you can cut back.“Many of us have no idea what our expenses add up to every month,” said Dearing. “When you know where your money goes, you are in control and can be thoughtful about aligning spending with priorities.”She suggested that you create your first-time budget use an online money tracking service, like Mint or Quicken, as they’ll help you more easily get all of your financial i nformation in one place. You can find more budgeting apps in our App Directory, and any first-time budgeters out there should also check out our  Beginner’s Guide to Budgeting.Review your subscriptions and auto-payments.Cutting down expenses is going to mean cutting out lots of extraneous things like ordering takeout three nights a week. But a good place for you to start cutting is with your hidden expenses, the kind of stuff that leaves your bank account every month without you even thinking about it.“Look at your recurring or automatically enrolled payments and see if you can cut any streaming services, gym memberships, or delivery plans.” offered Bryce Lloyd, Phoenix Market President for FirstBank (@efirstbank).According to Dearing, there might even be subscriptions you’re paying for every month that you’ve completely forgotten about!“For example,” she said, “if you haven’t done a serious credit card review in a while, you may be surprised to see how many charge s are automatically showing up on your credit card every month and every year. They’re not necessarily fraudulent; they may be charges you legitimately signed up for long ago, and then never thought about again.“You may not notice right away,” she added, “but automatic charges like these all add up, especially over time. The expenses may be fine if you truly need and can afford them, but often it’s a case of out of sight, out of mind.”Canceling all these subscriptions one-by-one could be a bit time intensive, but it’ll definitely be worth the time and effort. As Dearing points out, there are also services like Trim and Truebill that will help you monitor your subscriptions and cancel them when you want out.Gameify the experience.Budgeting and paying down debt aren’t fun. But that doesn’t mean you can’t add some little celebrations to make the process more enjoyable! And rather than only celebrating big accomplishments, Lowe recommends that you add in a larger num ber of smaller celebrations all along the way.“You have to have a system of rewards in place in order to help you be successful,” she said.” That means rather than focusing on a goal of paying off debt in its entirety, break down the enormous process into smaller goals. And when you hit those micro-goals, celebrate.“The initial goals should be minorâ€"go a day or two without eating at a restaurant. The more success you have, the more the process becomes pleasant and even fun.”Cut out two or three regular expenses.Speaking of takeout, Dearing recommends that you try identifying two or three monthly expenses that you can do without … and then doing without them!For one person, the eliminated expense may be premium cable and a too-generous data plan,” she said. For another, it may be online shopping and extra spending on eating out.“Be creative so you don’t feel deprived,” she added. “If you love to eat out, challenge yourself to make delicious meals at home six n ights a week. Your one restaurant meal per week will feel more special and you’ll save a ton of money.Budget every dollar.Lowe recommends going above and beyond in your budgeting and creating a “zero-based” budget. Simply put, this means you budget every last penny that you bring in. That way, you’ll avoid frittering away extra cash.“Aim to budget every single dollarâ€" whether you’re paying off debts, handling expenses, or saving money for a specific purchaseâ€"in your checking account each month,” she said.“If you leave any extra cash no matter how small, you’ll spend it. If you move it out as quickly as possible, you’ll have greater success.”Prioritize your high-interest credit cards.Once youre rolling with your new budget and you’re building up extra funds to pay off debt, you can turn your attention to strategy; Namely, what’s the best way to pay off your debt?While there are always going to be caveats, you can’t really go wrong by starting with your credit cardsâ€"especially the ones that carry the highest interest rates.“Whenever possible, pay more than your monthly minimum balance, focusing first on the cards with the highest interest rates,” said Lloyd. “There are interest rate calculators available on multiple sites that help you calculate payments to keep you on track to becoming debt free.”“Once your payments are back on track,” he continued, “resist adding to that balance going forward. Some cards also offer balance transfers at lower interest rates, but be wary of fees.”Paying off debt through balance transfers can have its dangers beside feesâ€"namely, all that extra space you created on your old card can be overly tempting. Plus,  closing the old card might have a negative impact on your credit score. Until you build up a solid practice of financial discipline, you should probably steer clear of them.Dearing recommends that you use as much as 50 percent of your monthly savings to pay down your credit cards. Plus, she has a tip to help you save more in interest:“Contact your credit card company and ask if they will lower your annual percentage rate (APR) on the card. Many credit card issuers would rather lower your rate than have you transfer to another company. It’s worth asking.”Make the most of financial windfalls.Lastly, you should utilize any financial windfalls you have coming your way: stuff like your tax refund or a month where you get three biweekly paychecks. Whatever it is, use that money wiselyâ€"even if it’s to take care of your other financial priorities!“Add them to your cash reserves to top off your emergency fund,” suggested Dearing. “Unexpected expenses happen all the time, but if you have the right cushion of savings, these unexpected expenses don’t have to derail you.”Paying off debt should be a top financial priority, but you shouldn’t let it blind you to the importance of maintaining a well-stocked emergency fund. Lacking  funds in a fina ncial emergency is how you end up getting stuck with short-term bad credit loans, cash advances, and predatory no credit check loans like payday loans and title loans. If you’re trying to get out of debt, they’re the last thing you need.To learn more about financial best practices, check out  these related posts and articles from OppLoans:From Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your Money8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackThe Broke Person’s Guide to Credit Cards8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterWhat are your best tricks for trimming your budget?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsCarla Dearing  is CEO of  Sum180 (@mysum180), an online financial wellness service designed to be simple and affordable. She is also CEO and Managing Director of IMC, a marketing services agency. Previously, Carla held senior executive positions with at the University of Louisville, Community Foundations of America and In vestors Capital Services. Earlier, she worked at Morgan Stanley and American National Bank Trust Company. She holds an MBA from The University of Chicago Booth School of Business and a BA from the University of Michigan, Phi Beta Kappa.Bryce Lloyd is the Phoenix Market President for  FirstBank (@efirstbank). FirstBank has over $18 billion in assets and over 100 locations in Colorado, Arizona, and California. Since 2000, FirstBank has contributed over $55 million and countless hours to charitable organizations. Mr. Lloyd has been with FirstBank for the entire 29 years of his banking career. He has served on numerous non-profit boards, including the Boys and Girls Clubs of Greater Scottsdale and the Scottsdale Area Chamber of Commerce.Cherie Lowe (@Thequeenoffree)  is a personal finance blogger at  Queen of Free  and author of the book  Slaying the Debt Dragon, her story of paying off over $127K in debt. She loves nothing more than helping people find freedom in their finances, save money, and live life to its fullest. Her and her husband Brian are finishing the final round of edits on our their book: Your Money, Your Marriage: The Secrets to Smart Finance, Spicy Romance, and their Intimate Connection due out September 2018 from Zondervan (Harper Collins Christian).

Electrochemical Cell Definition

An electrochemical cell is a device that generates a potential difference between electrodes using chemical reactions. Galvanic cells and electrolytic cells are examples of electrochemical cells. Galvanic cells, which are also known as voltaic cells, use chemical reactions to generate electricity. These cells are named for either Luigi Galvani or Alessandro Volta. They use a spontaneous redox reaction. A typical galvanic cell consists of two different metals that are connected by a salt bridge or a porous membrane. In contrast, electrolytic cells use electrical energy to cause chemical reactions to occur. The electrical energy overcomes the activation energy required to get a non-spontaneous reaction to proceed. Electrolytic cells are commonly used for electrolysis, which breaks chemical compounds into their elements. A battery refers to one or more electrochemical cells.

A Comparison and Contrast Between the Two Poems, Poetry...

â€Å"I, too, dislike it: There are things that are important beyond all this fiddle.† Poetry has been around for a long time. As the years go by poetry adapts to the time period. However, the authors have different views. Majority of them will read and enjoy all types of poem, but they have their own opinions. The new, has to be truly unique to the author and to the time period. Shakespeare still had plays that we study, but it is hard to comprehend the message behind the words. Worlds change and the literatures change with the trends. The important question is how it should change. During each time period there are people that publish their opinions, but different people have different ideas. Within Poetry and Of Modern Poetry shows the†¦show more content†¦Today the only time we read Homer is when we are forced to in school. Once we have read it and it is explained, then we understand. We can’t understand things that don’t pertain to the time period. The poetry has to be something straight forward and understandable. â€Å"The poem was suffused with a calm curiosity that seemed to know it wouldnt get anywhere faster by being overeager. (Osborn) Being straightforward is the way people understand things. It has to be forward and simple. The simplicity can touch people as much as the complex .Poetry is of the mind and has to continue to change with the time. Change keeps it modern. Modern talks about how poems have to genuine or about something useful. Poetry has to be about what is real and no the imaginary ideas that feel the books. A simple thing can be lead to idea or to a meaning beyond the object, but it needs the simple object. Poets have to start to rely on objects such as items, but also events. Things that happen in a life can be just as valuable as a material object. â€Å" Moores poetry does not invite biographical interpretation, Leavell mines the early poems for references to events in the poets life and evidence o f profound feelings that Moore herself revealed to no one.† (Rye) Events are a good to draw on. It shows what lead up to the opinions of the author. However, the one thing she never tried was to incorporate herShow MoreRelatedAmoretti Xxx : My Love Is Like To Ice, And I To Fire By Edmund Spenser1598 Words   |  7 Pageswriters have deconstructed, examined, and put love poetry back together; writers have provided varying opinions and interpretations regarding the motif of love. In the Elizabethan Era, poets idealized love and ignored all potential hardships. In the Victorian Era, the concept of problematic relationships had gained popularity, but poets maintained the idea of making the best of one’s circumstances and remaining complacent. 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Comparison of Agile Traditional Web Technologies Free Essays

string(123) " emphasize motivated developers because motivation could be engine of team and persuades members to learn during the work\." 1 Introduction Nowadays, both pace and quality have undeniable role on phenomenon, and web development is not exception. That is why the concepts such as software engineering and afterward patterns were applied in recent decades. Although they have improved the quality of web development, non of them are perfect to guarantee matters like customer satisfaction, customer commitment and collaboration and flexibility [1]. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Agile Traditional Web Technologies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of these matters software developers searched for a more productive approach. In early of twenty one century a group of software developers gathered to discuss on software engineering approaches, after that a manifesto was signed by them which is known as Agile now [2]. James Shore and Shane Warden have indicated to this manifesto:† Individuals and interactions over processes and tools, Working software over comprehensive documentation, Customer collaboration over contract negotiation, Responding to change over following a plan† [3]. As can be subsumed from this manifesto Agile is an emerging approach in software engineering which instead of process, documentation, contract and plan pays more attention to persons, software, customer and flexibility. These characteristics are more evident in principles which have been written by means of the establishers of Agile. James Shore and Shane Warden quote some of these principles:† Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software, welcome changing requirements even late in development†¦, deliver working software frequently†¦, business people and developers must work together†¦, build projects around motivated individuals†¦, working software is the primary measure of progress†¦, the most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [4]. From all the specification which was mentioned above it can be perceived that despite of other software engineering approaches and patterns that have specific steps to follow, Agile could be something like especial philosophy and ideology that developer always bear it in his/her mind. This ideology makes developer able to consider a large number of possibilities and opt the best one [6]. Despite of agile establishers’ claim, some software developer believe that traditional and agile methods work in same way or at least agile is not able to increase productivity as much as its advocates claim. For evaluation of these asserts there is not enough witness in particular when it comes to empirical studies and comparisons. [36] Because of this shortage a practical comparison will be conducted via implementation of two website. Agile methodologies would be applied in one of them and another one will be implemented by traditional approaches. In section 2 business background about agile has been discussed, hypotheses and aim of study have been explained in section 3, goals and objective have been discussed in section 4, methodology and evaluation has been described in section 5. 2 Contextual Review In the rapidly changing environment, the best phenomenon and services are those which adapt themselves easily with changes with lower costs, and programming and software development are not exception. In the other words applications are evaluated as a good production when they would be able to accept changes with lower costs and in shorter time. In other words, they should be more flexible. When it comes to software development, flexibility would be one of the most important aspects which agile attempts to improve it. For instance, at the early of twenty one century a great deal of money was spent just for changing date byte in applications in US [19]. In addition a large number of company’s money is spent for maintenance that has direct relation with productivity and flexibility. All of these issue show importance of agile in market and industry because all of these criteria can be improved by agile. That is why companies and firms are being more interested to agile gradually . Result of a survey shows agile was being applied by means of 14 percent of companies, and more than three times of this amount were keen on using agile in Europe and US in 2005 [20]. Indeed, this amount has been increased now. Also, annually, a great deal of money is wasted for implementation of projects which are not used in reality because they do not satisfy customers’ requirements. Customers claim that they have ordered another production, while they have received completely different ones. If claims of agile which were mentioned in last sections be implemental, it will be able to prevent the majority of these situations or at least reduce the costs dramatically. As it was said in previous sections, projects which are implemented by means of agile methodology would be more flexible therefore when it comes to changing they can adapt themselves with changes more easier and with lower costs. Because of this matter cost of maintenance will be reduced as well. In addition, since, customers are considered as a team member and they collaborate with developers tightly this possibility that the final production would not be acceptable is reduced significantly. Because of frequent software delivery in agile methodology it is crystal clear that customer notices the developers if he/she expects a production with different specification in weekly communications. [21] Another specification of ASD which was mentioned is learning within implementation. This matter can diminish cost of holding training course that are hold by companies annually. In conclusion, it seems obvious that the majority of developers and companies would opt agile as their methodology and agile will possess the software development market in future [22]. Literature review A number of key specifications of Agile approach can be concluded from these principles. Despite of the other approaches Agile Does not have any problem with changes even it would be late. On the other words, application should be written that much flexible which altering does not waste time and resources a lot. This amount of flexibility needs expert and experienced developers, therefore another characteristic could be skillful developers. In addition these developers should work with constant pace that is why the principles emphasize motivated developers because motivation could be engine of team and persuades members to learn during the work. You read "Comparison of Agile Traditional Web Technologies" in category "Essay examples" The high and constant pace makes Agile teams able to hand in executable software more frequently to customers. Therefore they can change customer requirements and interact with developers and finally would be more satisfy. As can be deduced form Agile definition, main emphasis is on individuals rather than plan, documents and other phenomenon. Therefore Agile approach mainly is applied in team based projects in particular self-organizing teams-teams in which members take managing responsibilities instead of external manager who controls the team [5]-. Also here executable software is a scale of progress evaluation. It can be concluded from manifesto and principles of Agile that if these principles are implemented project will be more successful obviously, while there is a controversial point that is it possible to apply these rules and principles in practiceThe majority of resources which were reviewed emphasize that projects which use Agile could be more successful, while some of them like James Shore and Shane Warden believe that:† I do not recommend adopting agile development solely to increase productivity. Its benefits come from working differently, not from working faster. Your team will need time to learn agile development. While they learn, they will go slower, not faster.† [7] For a scientific judgment we should discuss on success in software development and have a precise definition first. Traditional definition of success emphasizes on cost, time and customer requirements as specification [8]. On the other words it believes that a project will be successful if it is finished before due time, costs do not proceed on budget and all the customer requirements are satisfied, while the modern ones are seemed totally different. They express a project which is evaluated as a failure one can be a successful project because it would be possible a large number of customers and addressers will be attracted to the project or it would create a unique characteristic and vice versa. On the other words, a project which satisfies all the traditional success criteria could be failure one from viewpoint of modern definitions. [9][10] It can be said that current definitions apart from the old criteria consider flexibility, business process and personal success as new success criteria, therefore a project would be more successful from viewpoint of recent definitions that: Decreases delivery time Its costs would be less than estimates and enhances return on investment(ROI) Has more capability to satisfy customer requirements Has more flexibility to adapt itself with changes and customer new requirements Causes more personal success-technical and non technical- for contributors-developer, customer and manager- Develops business aspects[11][12] From reviewed resources can be concluded that different parameters can affect success in software development. A group of them can be observed here which have been mentioned by Indian Institute of Technology:†customer satisfaction, customer collaboration, customer commitment, decision time, team size, planning and control, people factors, competency, communication and negotiation, training and learning and so on †[13] Obviously, some of these factors can be found in agile manifesto and principles easily, but how agile would be able to implement them properlyThere is another controversial issue, agile claims that could be able to manipulate all of these parameters properly! Here, the main hypothesizes and questions which shape the goal of this proposal are created which will be described more detailed in following chapters. When it comes to comparison between traditional software development methods and agile, different opinions can be found. The majority of them express that agile works in different way,few number of them say there is not any especial difference between them and some ones tell they are in some aspects same and in another aspects different, but in total, It can be concluded from literature that there are radical differences between them that some of them would be mentioned in following. When it comes to design stage, traditional approaches are plan base. In the other words in these approaches, developer tries to predict everything in advance and spend a great deal of time for it. Plan and design are usually recorded formally, that is why these approaches do not welcome to changes, while ADS is not limited to a pre defined plan. Developer thinks about possible events during the implementation and tries to opt best solution. Therefore, it can be said knowing and action happen concurrently. In ASD is emphasized on discovering new experience meanwhile the implementation. Projects which are implemented by means of ADS are progressed in terms of iterative actions, while ordinary methods just follow a sequence of stages. Traditional ways act in vicinity of optimization, while agile works based on flexibility and adaption. Developer tries to formulate everything in traditional ways, but the problems are solved via iteration and experiment in agile. In general it can be said, traditional methodologies keen on controlling and directing projects in one path. They do not welcome to conflicts and changes and managers have key role on controlling the developers. In these ways design surpasses other aspects and affects them, while agile emphasizes more on exploring instead of prediction. Interaction, communication and collaboration between all members even customers is one of the most important characteristics of this methodology. In ASD, iteration and changing are inseparable. In addition in agile, projects are managed by means of all members and manager just is a facilitator. [14] From all the specification which was mentioned above it can be perceived that despite of other software engineering approaches and patterns that have specific steps to follow, Agile could be something like especial philosophy and ideology that developer always bear it in his/her mind. This ideology makes developer able to consider a large number of possibilities and opt the best one [6]. Such as this ability just could be gained via experience, study and practice in long term, but there are some methods that agile and its advocates claim by means of them developer would be able to earn this philosophy. These methods are recognized as agile methodology and are introduced briefly in following. Crystal clear methodology: A group of methodologies which are suitable for small groups that work on not life-critical projects. These methodology instead of process, emphasize on people an communication between them. [24, 25] Dynamic software development method (DSDM): An iterative methodology that projects are completed gradually within the iterations. In this methodology projects are divided to three stages: pre-project, project life-cycle and post project that each stage has own principles. This methodology follows the same principles which form the concept of agile, in particular this methodology tries to involve customer as a team member in project. [26, 27] Feature-driven development: This methodology attempts to apply both plan-base (traditional ways) and agile approaches. In this methodology projects are divided to features that every feature has a plan that this plan and its implementation are completed during iteration. [28, 29] Lean software development: This methodology was used in Toyota production system for the first time. This method focuses on preventing the wastes. In terms of this approach each activity and process that does not add any worth to customers means waste. [30, 31] Scrum: Management aspects are emphasized more in this methodology. Regularly meetings are hold in which each member expresses his/her feedback and others adjust themselves with his/her feedback. During this meeting customer representative decides feedback is in harmony with requirement or not. After customer’s satisfaction development team continues working, otherwise they consider changes to persuade the customer. Usually there are not any external managers in these kinds of groups and supervising is done via members. [32, 33] Extreme programming: This methodology consists of a set of practices that makes developer able to choose best techniques and make the best decisions. [34, 35] 3 Hypotheses: As can be observed in previous chapters the majority of literature believe that agile works differently in both implementation and management. Also agile advocates claim that projects which are implemented by means of agile would be more successful. In addition it can be concluded from literature review section that agile in some aspects treats radically different. Here, the hypotheses which form motivation of this project are born. They have been expressed in terms of success criteria which presented in last chapters. The customers would be more satisfied when projects are implemented via agile, therefore project will be more successful. Customers are treated as members of development team, therefore commitment of the customers is higher and project more successful. Customer as a member of team would have more collaboration, in result project will be more successful. Size of development team would be smaller therefore face to face communication will be simpler and success opportunity more Team members make a decision in shorter times periodically, therefore success opportunity will be more Development team members are selected more expert and competent, therefore the project could be more successful Progress would be evaluated by means of the team members which know project better instead of managers, so project could be more successful Designing is evolutionary and based on iteration, so the project will be more flexible Implementation will be accompany with learning and this matter makes the developers more motivated Cultural and social issues will be considered in ASD [16] These are some hypotheses which form motivation to do this project and proposal and they would be considered within the implementation of project. On the other words, this project is done to check how much these hypotheses could be correct and if they are, which methodologies does agile apply to reach these goalsIn addition, this project tends to check the differences which have been recognized between agile and traditional methodologies in literature review are actual or notSome radical differences were recognized in that part which can make other hypotheses: Traditional methods work based on predefined plans while agile do not emphasize on plan Plans in ordinary methods are formal and resistance on changes while plans on agile are informal and welcome to changing Traditional ways follow s sequence of steps while agile is progressed iteratively. In traditional ways manager controls the progress of project while, in agile team members act as a manager Face to face and daily communication is one of the most important principles in agile while, it is not that much important in traditional ones Customers are considered as a team member in agile methodology while, in ordinary ones communication with customers is in vicinity of contract Agile emphasize on flexibility and traditional ones on optimizing [16][17][18] These hypotheses would be evaluated as well within development of project. 3.1 Aim of study As can be concluded from literature review, the quantity of valid empirical researches which have compared ASD with traditional methodologies and researches that consider agile claims, is rare. [23] It could be the most interesting motivation for designing a systematic and scientific way-has been described in methodology and evaluation section- for assessing the mentioned hypotheses. 3.2 Expectation Before conducting the project, there are some expectations which have been concluded from literature review and it is predicted that some of them would be resulted after accomplishing the project. These expectations could be same with hypotheses, but it is crystal clear that for scientific comparison all the conditions should be matched with the conditions in real world. Unfortunately, there are some conditions and situations which do not exist in this project-they will be mentioned in detailed in next chapter-and they will be simulated with simulated situations and maybe this issue affects the results, but with precise simulation it will be tried to reduce this influence as much as possible. 4 Goals and Objectives Doing a fair, empirical and scientific comparison between agile system development and traditional ways can be considered as goal of this project. Also scientific evaluation of this issue that agile is useful approach for software development or not can be another goal. As can be perceived these goals are general and intangible, therefore some objectives make them more clear and measurable. For first goal development of two websites that agile has been applied in one of them and comparison between them could be suitable. Therefore when it comes to comparison objectives can be: Select a suitable context which has this potential to be implemented as a website in agile and traditional approach Choose a proper languages for development of these websites Opt systematic and scientific methods to compare action of these websites These objectives will be described in detailed in methodology and evaluation chapter. Also, when it comes to second goal these matters can be considered as objectives: Determine specification of a good application Determine success of software development is assessed by means of which factors Decide what criteria affect web development success Determine these criteria are fulfilled more in agile or traditional approach via systematic and scientific way These objectives would be explained in methodology and evaluation chapter as well as previous ones. 5 Methodology and Evaluation For evaluating benefits which ASD claims have-mentioned in last chapters- and comparison between traditional software development methods and ASD, two website would be designed and their productivity, flexibility, readability and other specifications compared with each other. For a correct comparison context and title of these websites should be same, in other words they should be designed for same target. After discussing with supervisor it was determined that two websites should be implemented for a library which would be presented as online services. As It was mentioned the application and interface of these websites would be same while in one of them Agile methods will be applied and in another one traditional methods like plan base. In follow some details of these websites can be observed. First library website which is supposed to have Agile methods would be implemented by means of C# language in ASP.Net framework. While the other one will be implemented via PHP language. C# has been opted because of its Object Oriented specification and also as a dynamic language it can be useful to apply ASD methods. In addition PHP has been selected because it was essential that one programming language should be out of the teaching materials of university. These two websites belong to a library which wants to let customers use online services. There would be different kind of books, papers and references which would be available in terms of their type. For instance, some books which have more appeal can be borrowed for shorter period in compare with the others and some recourses cannot be borrowed. Customers will be classified to different types which have distinguish priority. For example, when a book-there is just one av ailable copy of this book- is demanded by two persons that one of them is postgraduate and another one undergraduate, it will borrowed by postgraduate student. There would be a waiting system that puts persons who has requested unavailable items in a queue in respect to their priority that mentioned above. Also, an Email delivery system will send an Email to remind the due time to customers automatically a day before it. After implementation of these websites they will be submitted to a number of expert web developers accompany with a questionnaire- that would be designed after consulting with supervisor- which asks them to determine which application is more productive, flexible and reliable. The developers will not be noticed that Agile methods has been used in which application. In addition it is possible a group of customers would be asked to use two websites and after that express which one is more user friendly and productive, but due to same interface and functionality it could be difficult to mention any differences. As it was mentioned one of the most important specifications which Agile advocates claim can be increased via applying it, is flexibility. But one of the most vital characteristics of ASD which helps improvement of flexibility is interaction with customers and stockholders. Unfortunately, there is not any actual customer in this comparison therefore project supervisor and another person-who is familiar with web development and is determined after consulting with supervisor – are assumed as customer and would be asked to change their requirements as a customer requirements every week regularly then consequent changes in coed are recorded as a do cument and attached to dissertation report. For a scientific comparison all the conditions should be close to reality therefore another minus can be detected and considered, is absence of a team as a development team ,because ASD is completely team based that these teams are usually self organization an cross functional teams. For compensation of this weakness the developer should study different contexts like finance and business and regularly consult with people who are expert in their fields to approach the comparison to reality. 6 Project plan Bibliography [1]ketabe art safeye 3 [2] http://agilemanifesto.org/history.html [3] In Art of Agile Development book [4] In Art of Agile Development book [5] http://www.futureworksconsulting.com/resources/TeamAgilityAgileTimesFeb04.pdf [6] In Art of Agile Development book safeye 3 va X||| [7] ketab safheye 3 [8] ketab safeye 4 [9] ketab safeye 4 [10] ketab safeye 4 pavaraghi [11]ketab bakhshe movafaghiyat [12]article success factores [13] article success factores [14] article, what we know about agile? [15]article success factores [16][17][18] [19]ye chiz peydaa kon vase Amrica [20] article, what we know about [21] http://agilemethodology.org/ [22] what we know safeheye aval [23] what we know safeheye aval va ye done dig eke save kardi rood esc top [24] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [25]refrence 16 hamoon article [26] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [27] refrence 60 hamoon article [28] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [29] refrence 50 hamoon article [30] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [31] refrence 52 hamoon article [32] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [53] refrence 52 hamoon article [34] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [35] refrence 9, 10 hamoon article [36] Empirical studies of agile software development: A systematic review/abstract How to cite Comparison of Agile Traditional Web Technologies, Essay examples

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Technology Essay Example For Students

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Technology Essay Society never advances. It recedes as fast on one side as it gains on the other. Although written long ago these words by, Ralph Waldo Emerson still hold true today. Everyday in society people are making improvements, however, but these improvements also have equal drawbacks. Today we are using cutting edge technology to improve every aspect of our daily lives. For instance in todays society the fields of Communication and Medicine are constantly advancing yet they both create significant losses. Technology has helped increase the speed of communication and decrease its cost. However, at the same time it has caused people to become more impersonal with each other. In earlier times the major form of communication was for people to visit each other and go to public meeting places. One of the next major advances was the telephone. Due to the telephone people no longer went to the public meeting places as often as they used to. As time goes on, new advances still allow people to contact and communicate with each other more easily. These advances such as faxes, beepers, and electronic mail, although seemingly making life easier, each help to decrease the earlier forms of communication. The field of medicine, like the field communication, also displays what Emerson was trying to say. This field too, which had many advances, has also caused many difficulties. As scientists and doctors try to come up with cures for the many diseases we have today, they are also making new ones. For example, when scientists went to Africa in search of a cure for a disease, they came back with monkeys that were contaminated with the Emboli virus. Today in Russia there are military bases where Russian scientists are creating thousands of germs and viruses to use in germ warfare. These germs and viruses are capable of killing thousands of people instantly. As technology continues to advance and society moves forward, people continue to use the less personal forms of communication, and create new problems in the field of medicine. The fear of becoming a society, which communicates only through machines, and creates new disease, is becoming greater with time. For all of society gains there are equal drawbacks. So as in Ralph Waldo Emerson words society never advances.